Aquaculture Essays (1345 words) - Aquaculture, Fish Farming, Raceway

Aquaculture Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms in fresh, or salt water. A wide variety of aquatic organisms are produced through aquaculture, including fish, crustaceans, mollusks, algae, and aquatic plants. Unlike capture fisheries, aquaculture requires deliberate human intervention in the organisms' productivity and results in yields that exceed those from the natural environment alone. Stocking water with (juvenile organisms), fertilizing the water, feeding the organisms, and maintaining water quality are common examples of such intervention. Most aquacultural crops are destined for human consumption. However, aquaculture also produces bait fishes, ornamental or aquarium fishes, aquatic animals used to augment natural populations for capture and sport fisheries, algae used for chemical extraction, and pearl oysters and mussels, among others. Aquaculture is considered an agricultural activity, despite the many differences between aquaculture and terrestrial agriculture. Aquaculture mainly produces protein crops, while starchy staple crops are the primary products of terrestrial agriculture. In addition, terrestrial animal waste can be disposed of off-site, whereas in aquaculture such waste accumulates in the culture environment. Consequently, aquaculturists must carefully manage their production units to ensure that water quality does not deteriorate and become stressful to the culture organisms. History Aquaculture was developed more than 2000 years ago in countries such as China, Rome, and Egypt. Not long after, aquacultural practices in Europe, China, and Japan commonly involved stocking wild-caught seed?for example, carp fingerlings (juvenile fish) captured from rivers?in ponds or other bodies of water for further growth. Mollusk culture was advanced in the 1200s by the discovery in France that mussel spat (newly settled juveniles) would settle on upright posts in the intertidal zone, and in the 1600s by the discovery in Japan that oyster spat would settle on upright bamboo stakes driven into the sea floor. The concept of pond fertilization was developed in Europe about 1500. In this process, manure is added to the water to encourage the growth of small organisms such as aquatic invertebrates and plankton, which in turn are eaten by the fish. The United States system of federal hatcheries for the breeding of anadromous fishes (fishes that live and mature in salt water but reproduce in fresh water) was established in the 1870s. Much of the current technology used to reproduce fish in hatcheries has been developed by these federal hatcheries. In 1959 the first marine shrimp hatchery and farm was established in Japan, and it was the forerunner of the commercial shrimp-culture industry. The salmon-culture industry in Europe and the channel-catfish-culture industry in the United States both began in the 1960s. Methods Most fish and crustacean aquaculture is undertaken in earthen ponds. These ponds are usually equipped with water inlets and outlets that permit independent control of water addition and discharge. Ponds are stocked with a specific quantity of juvenile aquatic animals. Management practices range from pond fertilization, which increases the number of natural food organisms, to provision of a complete, formulated feed that supplies all nutrients necessary for growth. Animals that have reached market size are harvested from the ponds. In a complete harvest, the pond is drained and all animals are removed from the pond for processing. In a partial harvest, only a portion of the animals are removed from a full pond using a seine net. Additional juveniles are often stocked into the pond after a partial harvest, and the production cycle is continued. Channel catfish grown in the United States, and marine shrimp grown in China, Central America, and South America, are often cultured in earthen ponds of about 5 to 10 hectares (about 12 to 25 acres). Fish can also be raised in cages and raceways (long, narrow earthen or concrete ponds that receive a continuous flow of water from a nearby artesian well, spring, or stream). Often, several raceways are built in series down the slope of a hill. Cages are used to raise fish in lakes, bays, or the open ocean and are constructed of flexible netting suspended from a superstructure floating on the water's surface. Many more fingerlings can be stocked into raceways and cages than into earthen ponds, but nutritionally complete formulated feed must be provided to fish grown in these systems. Rainbow trout are grown in raceways in many places, including Chile, Europe, and the United States. Salmon are grown in cages, and Norway leads the world in the production of farmed salmon. Carp raising involves at least three different types of ponds for a whole life cycle in Europe. Special shallow and warm ponds with rich vegetation provides a good environment for spawning. After spawning, the parent fish are separated from the eggs and

Google in China Essays - Alphabet Inc., Internet Search Engines

Google in China Essays - Alphabet Inc., Internet Search Engines Google in China Google, Inc., first entered the Chinese market in early 2000 by creating a Chineselanguage version of its home page. This strategy was part of a larger one for East Asia that included the creation of search technology that understood the characters in Korean, Chinese, and Japanese.50 Googles approach was to maintain a Chinese-language version of Google.com that was housed in the United States but that could handle search requests originating within China. In this way, the technology was not subject to Chinese censorship laws as the facilities were not within Chinas physical boundaries, and Google did not need a license from the Chinese government to operate its business. Usually, when users attempted to click on a banned site, a full, unfiltered list was produced and they would be blocked by Chinese filters. Users were able 47 Chandler, Inside the Great Firewall, 149. 48 www.rsf.org/print.php3?id_article=17936> (accessed June 9, 2006). 49 Chandler, Inside the Great Firewall. 50 Thompson, Googles China Problem. -13- BRI-1004 to see the complete list of all the information pertaining to their search, including the information that the Chinese government considered threatening.51 These search requests and corresponding search results all passed through one of nine Chinese international gateway Internet service providers, which were monitored and filtered by the Chinese government. In September 2002, Google.com was inaccessible for two weeks. When reinstated, it was slow and temperamental for all Chinese users and completely inaccessible for Chinese colleges and universities.52 According to Elliot Schrage, Googles vice president of Global Communications and Public Affairs, The average time to download a Google Web page was more than seven times slower than for Baidu, the leading Chinese search engine.53 In 2004, Google realized that its approach in China was not sustainable. Google was losing market share to Baidu, and others, including Yahoo! and Microsoft, were gaining ground through their local presence. Google embarked on a one-year analysis of the Internet in China by consulting both governmental and nongovernmental organizations, business partners, and Chinese experts such as Xiao Qiang, an Internet scholar at the University of California Berkeley.54 Meanwhile, in June 2004, Google purchased a 2.6% stake in Baidu for $5 million. Google announced two important appointments in 2005. First, Dr. Kai-Fu Lee left Microsoft to head Googles entry into China. Lees goal was to make advanced technologies accessible and useful to every user, as well as to be a part of the vibrant growth and innovation in China today. Then, Johnny Chou joined Lee in October as president of Sales and Business Development, Greater China. Chou assisted in building sales and distribution as well as a research and development center in China so Google would have the assets it needed to succeed. In January 2006, Google announced the creation of Google.cn, which was located in China and subject to Chinese filtering. This product was faster and more reliable, and provide[d] more and better search results for all but a handful of politically sensitive subjects.55 Google differentiated this product from those of its competitors by: (1) keeping personal information outside China through Gmail, its Web-based email service, and Blogger, its personal Web-blog-hosting service; (2) disclosing the presence of general filtering to users; and (3) continuing a Chinese-language version of Google.com.56 51 Thompson, Googles China Problem. 52 Thompson, Googles China Problem. 53 Elliot Schrage, testimony before the House Committee on International Relations Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific and Subcommittee on Africa, Global Human Rights, and International Operations (February 15, 2006): 5. 54 Dean and Delaney, Limited Search. 55 Schrage testimony. 56 Schrage testimony. -14- BRI-1004 Personal information Although Google had decided to maintain Gmail and Blogger outside China, both services required personal information from users that, if hosted on servers located inside China, would be subject to requests for information by Chinese authorities. Recently, Yahoo! had provided personal information to Chinese officials, leading to at least one arrest for the posting of harmful materials. Microsoft had removed the postings of a journalist at the request of Chinese authorities. By keeping Googles email and blogging services outside Chinese

U.S. Policy regarding the South China Sea (SCS) Essay

U.S. Policy regarding the South China Sea (SCS) - Essay Example The tensions are influencing – being influenced by- rising fears concerning China military power growth as well as its regional intents. China has engaged in an extensive upgrading of its forces of maritime paramilitary and naval aptitudes to impose jurisdiction and Sovereignty rights through force if the need arises. Simultaneously, China is developing capabilities, which would place US forces within the expanse in a conflict risk, and therefore, possibly refuting US Navy access in the west Pacific (Akande). In view of the growing prominence of China-U.S. affiliation as well as the Asia-Pacific expanse more largely, to the worldwide economy, the U.S. has a huge interest in inhibiting any of the numerous disputes within the South China Sea from intensifying militarily. U.S. policy goals include: I. Attainment of global norms and rules in the South China Sea, II. Attainment of regional stability and alliance security in the South China Sea, III. Attainment of economic interests and IV. Attaining a cooperative affiliation with China V. Promote Territorial Risk-reduction Measures Assessment of Current U.S. Policy Goals The U.S. has crucial interests for achieving a diplomatic resolution of disputes in South China Sea with respect to international law. With China’s exception, all South China Sea’s claimants have tried to validate their entitlements grounded on their coastlines as well as the UNCLOS’s provisions. China, on the other hand, depends on a combination of legal claims and historic rights, while remaining purposely indistinct about the implication of the ‘nine-dashed line’ all over the sea, which is drawn upon Chinese maps. The failure of the U.S. to maintain international norms and law could harm United States’ interests elsewhere within the region as well as beyond. Guaranteeing navigation freedom is another critical goal for the US as well as other regional states. As much as China maintains that, it advoc ates navigation freedom; its persistence that foreign forces seek advance authorization to cruise in its EEZ hurls doubt upon its stance. The China’s capabilities development to deny US’ naval entry to its waters in a dispute provides proof of likely Chinese intents to block navigation freedom in particular contingencies (Akande). Regional and alliance security: United States friends and allies around Southern China Sea depend on U.S. to sustain free trade, secure and safe sea communication lines and general stability and tranquility within the region. Non-claimants and claimants to marine waters and land features within the South China Sea take U.S. forces presence as essential to permit decision-formulating free of extortion. If states within the South China Sea lack self-assurance in the U.S. to aid as the major regional security underwriter, they could engage in costly and possibly threatening arms accumulations to reimburse or, otherwise, become more cooperative t o the requests of an influential China. None would be within the United States’ policy goals. Failure to assure friends of U.S. responsibilities within the expanse could also weaken U.S. security assurances in the wider Asia-Pacific area, particularly with South Korea and Japan. Simultaneously, however, the US must elude being enticed into the regional dispute—and perhaps into a clash—by regional states who seek United States’ backing to legalize their claims (Nato). Economic

Meaning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Meaning - Essay Example The basement and crawl space are major sources of heat loss. They can be sealed by mechanical key locks as a ventilation mechanism. The crawlspace walls can be insulated with rigid insulation. As for the base walls, a layer of insulation can be attached either on the inside or outside4. 16. ICF (Insulated Concrete Form) Foundations: a green and sustainable building system that delivers a foundation or wall that is highly energy efficient, structurally  tough, and resistant to fire fire and sound. 17. Sump pump and French-drain locations: sump pump is located in the basement and collects water that has accumulated in the water collection sump basin. The French drain is a trench with perforated pipes or filled with gravel that redirects ground and surface water away from a given area7. Doors are covered in Section R612 of the 2012 International Code Requirements. For example, during the times of fire the doors deter the spread of flames and smoke. The owner needs to be aware the hazards the glass doors could pose15. iv. COM Check – building program that allows simplifies compliance for building officials, plan checkers, and inspectors by allowing them to quickly determine whether new commercial or high-rise residential buildings, additions, and alterations meet the requirements of the IECC and ASHRAE Standard 90.1, as well as several state-specific codes. Buildipedia. Structural Steel Framing . http://buildipedia.com/knowledgebase/division-05-metals/05-10-00-structural-metal-framing/05-12-00-structural-steel-framing/05-12-00-structural-steel-framing>. Web July, 22, 2009. Accessed april 24,

Protein Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Protein Research - Essay Example they protect the body against bacteria and viruses by immobilizing antibodies that are immediately destroyed by the white blood cells(Whitford, 2005). Contractile proteins such as actin and myosin are responsible for the movement of the body cells through muscle contraction and movement. Enzymes are another category of proteins, and they are responsible for the facilitation of biochemical reactions whereby they speed up the reactions. Proteins of this kind are mainly involved in the digestive system, e.g., the lactase for sugar breakdown and the pepsin for protein breakdown. Another category of proteins is the hormonal proteins which are messenger proteins that help in the coordination of bodily activities(Creighton, 2010). The most common hormonal protein is insulin that controls the blood sugar levels in the body(Creighton, 2010). Other hormonal proteins are oxytocin and somatotropin which stimulate childbirth and protein production in muscle cells respectively. Structural proteins are fibrous and stingy in nature, and they play the role of provision of support to the body cells. An example of structural proteins is the keratins that give strength to protective covering such as hair. Proteins involved in the storage of amino acids such as ovalbumin and casein are categorized as storage proteins(Whitford, 2005). Some proteins such as the hemoglobin and the cytochromes are involved in transportation of molecules around the body, and they fall in the category of transport protein. Proteins are formed by combination of organic compounds called amino acids and they are the building blocks of life. Whereas proteins are digested, amino acids left and the body utilizes them to break down food, grow, produce energy and repair body tissues. Amino acids are classified into three groups namely the essential amino acids, non-essential amino acids and conditional amino acids(Creighton, 2010). The body contains nine essential amino acids, and they are unique since the body

Charlemagnes Imperial Coronation

Charlemagnes Imperial Coronation Charlemagne, the son of Pepin, was born in 742 A. D. He was king of the Franks and part of the Carolingian line until 768. On Christmas Day of the year 800 A.D. Charles was crowned by Pope Leo III as the Holy Roman Emperor and he remained emperor for fourteen years. The coronation took place at the Basilica of St. Peter in Rome and since then Charlemagne was called emperor and augustus  [1]  . Charlemagnes coronation marked the beginning of the creation of the Holy Roman Empire. Bryce argues that, apart from the beginning of the Holy Roman Empire, his coronation marked also the importance of the Middle Ages; furthermore supports that if the ceremony had not taken place the history of the world would have been different.  [2]  Pope Leo took the decision to crown Charles because: a) Charlemagne rescued him, b) Roman rebels could only be encountered by an Emperor; c) the throne of the empire was empty and in the East the throne was encroached by Irene. Charlemagne, from his side , saw his coronation as the only solution given to the problem of protecting the papacy from the Eastern Empire. Moreover, it was his opportunity to become equal in prominence with the East emperor. There are several accounts concerning the background of the coronation of Charlemagne. Going first, Einhard, was the Frankish court scholar and advisor, as well as Charless friend. His account of the events was written after Charlemagne died. According to Einhard, King Charles felt responsible to keep the church of St. Peterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ safe and protected as well as to restore the Church after the inhabitants of Rome had violently attacked Pope Leo, putting out his eyes and cutting off his tongue, and had forced him to flee to the King for help.  [3]  Moreover, Einhard supports that the king was unaware of the coronation and that the events that took place were arranged only by the Pope. What Einhard in particularly says is that not only had the Pope planned the coronation all by himself, but also that Charlemagne did not desired to be an Imperial Emperor. However, it should be taken into consideration that Einhards work is modeled upon biographies of other imperial writers, e specially Suetonius. Thus, he may have been trying to present Charlemagne as the great person who did have the qualifications to be an Emperor but did not want to be one. When a person did not want the power, but deserved it, he would take it anyway. Bearing in mind that Einhard wanted to be a Roman imperial writer, his work and what he supports have to viewed with caution and not taken into account as completely accurate. In addition, Einhard had a great respect for King Charles, so much, that it has possibly affected his writing. The second account is the biography of Pope Leo III (Liber pontificalis) that provides a different presentation of the coronation in 800 A.D. This biography argues that Pope Leo arranged the coronation of Charles as an Imperial Emperor to reward him for the defense that he gave and the love that he bore for the holy Roman Church and her Vicarà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [4]  The problem that has to do with this source is the point of view it presents: The events presented in the bibliography are in favour of Pope Leo and that is possibly because clergymen involved with the papal court were responsible of collecting papal bibliographies. The third source is a monastic chronicle, named the Lorsch Annals, supporting that the coronation was planned not only by the Pope, but the holy fathers as well. In addition, it is argued that there was an agreement between the Pope, the holy fathers and the people of Rome that Charlemagne should be crowned as Emperor. Finally, the third source is the account from the Frankish Royal Annals, written by people connected to the Frankish court. In contrast with the other three sources, the Frankish Royal Annals are focusing on Charles and present Leos role as minimal. The source refers to how Charlemagne was admired and loved by all of the population and how much all wanted him to be an Imperial Emperor. According to the historiography of this period, there are three possibilities: the coronation was desired and planned either by a) Pope Leo alone, b) by Charlemagne alone or c) by both Pope Leo and Charlemagne. Pope Leo III was not that much wanted in the Church and from the start of his papacy he had to encounter several issues. In addition his relationship with nobility was nearly terrible. He definitely needed protection an emperor-provided protection. Inside Leos head things were simple: the Frankish King Charles had to be crowned as Imperial Emperor in order to protect and restore the popes position and prestige in Rome. Moreover, the Pope saw in Charles personality a strong believer of Christianity, who could protect and defend Christianity  [5]  . The Popes decision of crowing Charlemagne was also influenced by the fact that Irene encroached the Eastern throne in 797. In addition to that, Leo desired to gain freedom from the restraints of the Eastern Empire, and therefore, freedom to achieve his political goals. An emperor-provided protection in the West would possibly make the Church keep its secular authority. Most of Latin Christendom was outside imperial control and, also, b y the middle of the eighth century, Rome and the lands of central Italy that were controlled by the Roman Church were no longer part of the Byzantine Empire.  [6]  Moreover, the Lombard kingdom seemed to be a threat for papacy and the East seemed unable to protect it. Thus, a different relationship was formed between the Carolingian rulers of the Franks and the papacy. The Carolingians were needed for military reasons and to prevent the Byzantines from intervening in Italy. The coronation initiated the process of liberation from the Byzantines. Thus, Leos need for safety, in addition to the personality of Charles, and Irenes usurpation of the throne, may have made the Pope crown Charles as the Imperial Emperor. The Lorsch Annals give us a description of Charlemagnes assembly of December 800. The discussion here is not the settling of the problems of Pope Leo. It is discussion about the problems in Rome and how the empire should be restored. Therefore it can be said that Pope Leo hid himself behind the problems of the Empires restoration, when, in fact, it was himself he was trying to protect. The Lorsh Annals description is as follows: Since there was no longer an emperor in the land of the Greeks and they all were under the domination of a woman, it seemed to Pope Leo and to all the fathers who sat in the assembly, as well as to the whole Christian people, that they should give the name of emperor to king of the Franks, to Charles, who occupied Rome, where the Caesars had customarily resided, and also Italy, Gaul, and Germany. Because Almighty God had consented to place these lands under his authority, it seemed right, according to the desire of the whole Christian people, that Charles sho uld also bear the imperial title.  [7]   Despite the fact that Charlemagne had imperial objectives, the coronations organisation seems to have been arranged mainly by the Pope. Einhard supports that King Charles expressed unwillingness upon this decision of Leo. Charlemagne reacted negatively not because he did not want the Imperial title, but because he believed that he should not be crowded as emperor by a humiliated Pope. It was more of a prestige issue. However, little doubt remains that he was not aware of the coronation. Evidence can be found in Richà ©s book, where a court poet mentions King Charles as head of the world and summit of Europe, the new Augustus who reigns in a New Rome.  [8]   The last thing to be mentioned is the tension between the West and the East caused by the coronation. Einhard describes this tension: Once he (Charlemagne) had accepted the title, he endured with great patience the jealousy of the so-called Roman Emperors, who were most indignant at what had happened. He overcame their hostility only by the sheer strength of his personality, which was much more forceful than theirs. He was forever sending messengers to them, and in his dispatches he called them his brothers.  [9]  Charlemagne always tried to have a balanced relationship with the East, since he believed in the equality between the former and the West. His attempts, however, had no response. In conclusion, the three reasons mentioned for the coronation of Charlemagne by Leo are all true in a way. The papacy was certainly reluctant to lose its power to the East and therefore saw Charlemagne as its protector. Therefore, the relationship that was formed between the Carolingians and the Pope marked the collapse of partnership between the East and the West Empire. Einhard describes the tension that the coronation caused between the East and Charlemagne: Once he had accepted the title, he endured with great patience the jealousy of the so-called Roman Emperors, who were most indignant at what had happened. He overcame their hostility only by the sheer strength of his personality, which was much more forceful than theirs. He was forever sending messengers to them, and in his dispatches he called them his brothers.  [10]  There is little doubt that Charlemagne did not look forward to his coronation and the Imperial title. He, however, tried to support the idea of equality be tween the West and the East. The most significant aspect, though, of the coronation of Charlemagne comes from the restoration of the Roman Church. On the one hand the restoration strengthened the relationship between Church and secular power in the West. On the other hand, it made worse the relationship between the East and West Empire. Monica Fleener  [11]  argues that the coronation of Charlemagne in 800 A.D. marked the formation of Western Unity. She supports that this is because when Pope Leo sought help from Charlemagne, in order to cope with the problems he had in Italy, Charlemagne responded positively. In addition, that respond, meant the separation of the West and the East, the Roman and the Byzantium Empire. And it was exactly the separation of the West and the North that led to the construction of Europe. The coronation of Charles thus indicated the beginning of Europe.

Driving Miss Daisy Essay -- essays research papers

Driving Miss Daisy This is a report on the story "Driving Miss Daisy". The main characters are Daisy Werthan, Boolie Werthan, and Hoke Colborn. Alfred Uhry wrote the play. It started in nineteen forty-eight and ended in nineteen seventy-three. It’s a play based on a female Jew, which is Daisy Werthan, which passes the ages of seventy-two to ninety-seven years old, and a black chauffeur named Hoke. Daisy’s son Boolie is stuck in between Daisy’s prejudice and Hoke. Here goes. Daisy showed her first type of prejudice when Hoke told her "yo zinnias cold use a little tendin’ to". She told him to leave them alone. He also offered to put vegetables in the garden. Daisy just gave him a rude reply. Now my opinion is that she didn’t want him to touch her garden because she wasn’t sure if black people knew how to take care of that type of thing. She also could have meant to be rude, not prejudice, because she doesn’t want help from anybody for anything, ever. Her next example of racism was when Hoke was looking at the walls that had pictures on them, and Daisy saw him, She told him she didn’t like him "nosing through" all her things. All he did was try to compliment her on her house, and to be more specific, her walls. Hoke told her that he liked a house that had pictures in it. Now, what I think is that this part could go two ways. She might not be comfortable with ...