Not accepting the Treaty of Versailles - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1537 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/08/15 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Treaty of Versailles Essay Did you like this example? The Treaty of Versailles was a treaty attended by all victorious nations of the Great War Except for Russia as they were in the middle of a civil war. It was to sort out what would happen to Germany as they were blamed of starting the Great War. The main contributes Nicknamed The Big Three were French premier Georges Clemenceau of France, British prime minister David Lloyd George of Great Britain, and President Woodrow Wilson of the United States of America. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Not accepting the Treaty of Versailles" essay for you Create order The Treaty also put the blame for starting WW1 on Germany and it therefore had to pay reparations. Original figure was 6,600,000,000 goldmakrs, an very harsh but possible figure; this was reduced by the Dawes Plan and the Young Plan later. One must not forget that Germany enforced even harsher terms on Russia in the treaty of Brest-Litovsk, so the complaints may sound somewhat hypocritic. However, having to accept the blame really angered many Germans, as they saw the war as the result of everyones mistakes. It was probably more the fact of defeat and the revolution in Germany that created underground aggression than the treaty itself that had this effect. Many hardline German nationalists also felt in some sense cheated of their victory over Russia. The dreams of boundless expansion in Eastern Europe lived on. Within Germany particular venom was directed against those who signed the armistice whom Hitler and others routinely called the November criminals. The team that actually tried to negotiate in Paris and Versailles was not vilified to anything like the same extent. The reparations were widely seen as the harshest element of the Treaty of Versailles. For many the restriction of the size of the army to 100,000 men was also very irksome, and this clause of the treaty was never observed. A further cause of intense resentment was two attempts to go beyond the treaty. In 1921 Polish irregulars (with the approval of the Polish government) tried to seize the plebiscite area of Upper Silesi a before the plebiscite was held, and they were kept at bay by various Friekorps and units of the British Army. Then, in 1923, the French and Belgians occupied the The terms of the Treaty of Versailles. The treaty can be divided into a number of sections; territorial, military, financial and general. Territorial The following land was taken away from Germany : Alsace-Lorraine given to France Eupen and Malmedy given to Belgium Northern Schleswig given to Denmark Hultschin given to Czechoslovakia West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia given to Poland The Saar Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in Germany or not in a future referendum. The League of Nations also took control of Germanys overseas colonies. Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. reparations it seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to bankrupt her. Germany was also forbidden to unite with Austria to form one superstate, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to a minimum. General There are three vital clauses here: 1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. This was Clause 231 the infamous War Guilt Clause 2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the war as stated in clause 230 was, therefore responsible for all the war damage caused by the First World War. Therefore she had to pay reparations the bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war. Quite literally reparations would be used to pay for the damage to be repaired. Payment could be in kind or cash. The figure was not set at Versailles it was to be determined later. The Germans were told to write a blank cheque which the Allies would cash when it suited them. The figure was eventually put at 6,600 million a huge sum of money well beyond Germanys ability to pay 3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace. In fact the first 26 clauses of the treaty dealt with the Leagues organisation. The Treaty of Versailles was a treaty attended by all victorious nations of the Great War (Except for Russia as they were in the middle of a civil war It was to sort out what would happen to Germany as they were blamed of starting the Great War. The main contributes Nicknamed The Big Three were French premier Georges Clemenceau of France, British prime minister David Lloyd George of Great Britain and President Woodrow Wilson of the United States of America. The Treaty also put the blame for starting WW1 on Germany and it therefore had to pay reparations. Original figure was 6,600,000,000 goldmakrs an very harsh but possible figure this was reduced by the Dawes Plan and the Young Plan later One must not forget that Germany enforced even harsher terms on Russia in the treaty of Brest-Litovsk, so the complaints may sound somewhat hypocritic. However having to accept the blame really angered many Germans, as they saw the war as the result of everyones mistakes. It was probably more the fact of defeat and the revolution in Germany that created underground aggression than the treaty itself that had this effect. Many hardline German nationalists also felt in some sense cheated of their victory over Russia. The dreams of boundless expansion in Eastern Europe lived on. Within Germany particular venom was directed against those who signed the armistice whom Hitler and others routinely called the November criminals. The team that actually tried to negotiate in Paris and Versailles was not vilified to anything like the same extent. The reparations were widely seen as the harshest element of the Treaty of Versailles. For many, the restriction of the size of the army to 100,000 men was also very irksome and this clause of the treaty was never observed. A further cause of intense resentment was two attempts to go beyond the treaty. In 1921 Polish irregulars (with the approval of the Polish government) tried to seize the plebiscite area of Upper Silesi a before the plebiscite was held, and they were kept at bay by various Friekorps and units of the British Army. Then, in 1923, the French and Belgians occupied the The terms of the Treaty of Versailles. The treaty can be divided into a number of sections territorial military financial and general. Territorial The following land was taken away from Germany : Alsace-Lorraine (given to France Eupen and Malmedy given to Belgium Northern Schleswig given to Denmark Hultschin given to Czechoslovakia West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia given to Poland The Saar Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in Germany or not in a future referendum. The League of Nations also took control of Germanys overseas colonies. Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Some of this land was made into new states Estonia Lithuania and Latvia. An enlarged Poland also received some of this land. Military Germanys army was reduced to 100,000 men the army was not allowed tanks She was not allowed an airforce She was allowed only 6 capital naval ships and no submarines The west of the Rh ineland and 50 kms east of the River Rhine was made into a demilitarised zone No German soldier or weapon was allowed into this zone. The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of the Rhine for 15 years. Financial The loss of vital industrial territory would be a. France and Britain threatened to continue the war if they didnt accept, and the German generals told the government that Germany was in no position to fight effectively. This was because they were running out of raw materials food men and ammunition so there was a great chancee losing the war. Not accepting the Treaty of Versailles would have resulted in the war being reopened. Some German politicians were in favour of this for example the Chancellor, Scheidemann, and the Army Minister Noske who resigned rather than accept the treaty. However, the senior German generals said the the army was in no position to resume fighting. The military and many politicians also feared that a resumption of the war would lead to a massive and possibly successful Communist uprising in Germany. France and Britain threatened to continue the war if they didnt accept, and the German generals told the government that Germany was in no position to fight effectively. This was because they were running out of raw materials, food, men and ammunition so there was a great chanceof losing the war. Not accepting the Treaty of Versailles would have resulted in the war being reopened. Some German politicians were in favour of this, for example, the Chancellor, Scheidemann, and the Army Minister, Noske, who resigned rather than accept the treaty. However, the senior German generals said the the army was in no position to resume fighting. The military and many politicians also feared that a resumption of the war would lead to a massive and possibly successful Communist uprising in Germany.

Informative Essay About Transgender - 802 Words

Everyone here is black, physically disabled, mentally disabled, gay, and/or transgender. Most people are just one, and a few people are two. I’m the only one who is three of those things. I’m Madison Moore, a black, lesbian 8th grade girl in a wheelchair. Plus, I’m the principal of what used to be Edison Middle School. When the school year started, everyone noticed that there were a lot of â€Å"misfits†. People that were â€Å"normal† dropped out. That s when the teachers began to act differently. In history class, we learned how awful African-Americans were. During gym, kids who were physically disabled had to do push-ups like everyone else. Gay and transgender kids were picked on by the principal, getting detention for anything they did that was†¦show more content†¦The weird part? I’m â€Å"less gay† then Clarissa. That just means that she’s had other girlfriends, held hands with them, even kissed them! Me and Clari ssa? Well, we don’t say that we’re dating, we don’t hold hands, we’ve never even hung out outside of school. There is this other gay couple named Alex and James. They’ve kissed, they hold hands and stuff. Everyone sees them doing it! Clarissa sometimes asks why we never touch or mention â€Å"us† to anyone. I tell her I’m not ready for it, but in truth, I really want to. I’m just scared. I sometimes hate being black, because even though segregation and stuff was outlawed, like, fifty years ago, there’s still racism. And no one can stop people being jerky racists. I mean, Clarissa’s white and she isn’t racist. Even some white kids at this school, which was made to be against racism and prejudice, still act kind of weird around me and other black kids. The worst part is being in a wheelchair. I get looked down on all the time. Literally! Then people stare at me and don’t stop staring, and they talk to me like I’m a baby. I mean, honestly people, I’m not a deaf, dumb baby. Oh. My. Gosh. Last time I was writing it was yesterday. Now it’s today and†¦ Ok, Ok, I’ll say it. Me and Clarissa†¦ kind of†¦ just maybe†¦ kissed? Just a little peck on the cheek and it was just once. Ok, that was just so if my mom was reading this. We kissed. A lot. Not on the cheek. Like the kind of sloppy, wet, I love you so much kisses.Show MoreRelatedInformative Essay About Transgender1499 Words   |  6 Pages TRANSGENDER Dakota Butterfield CNA CTEC Brimhall October 31, 2017 Dakota Butterfield Scott Brimhall CNA Transgender â€Å"Transgender: of, relating to, or being a person whose gender identity differs from the sex the person had or was identified as having at birth; especially :of, relating to, or being a person whose gender identity is opposite the sex the person had or was identified as having at birth† (Merriam-Webster Dictionary). In the world today, there are many people comingRead MoreThe Internet Is Not The Best Place For A Woman Essay1310 Words   |  6 PagesYet, due to global abuse, people are often left alone or ignored as they struggle to define themselves. As a result, Everyday Feminism hopes to put an end to this by supporting individuals and groups who share their ideas of peace. Top 10 Most Informative Feminist Sites Clapway FeminismIn addition, the site itself is an educational method for social and personal liberation. Since launching in 2012, Everyday Feminism has rapidly become one the more popular feminist sites in the world. Almost 4.5 millionRead MoreDiversity, Community, And Social Justice Reflection1402 Words   |  6 PagesDiversity, Community, Social Justice Reflection Essay As an active member of the LGBTQIA+ community at DePaul and at home, I know quite a few trans* people, or at least more than most, and the one thing I am most concerned about is being a good ally. 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It is Simon During in the first sentence of his introduction here thatRead MoreThe Exclusion of Homosexuality in the Classroom3060 Words   |  13 Pages Current social attitudes toward the gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender and intersex (GLBTI) community can be seen as a significant contributor to the equity, or lack thereof, of the sexual education syllabus in schools. The range of topics covered in regard to homosexuality varies greatly between and within Australia and the United States of America (Bell, 2008, 2). This variance in service provisions can be attributed to differing social attitudes, specifically those held by parents, teachers

Television Essay Free Essays

Television has Made our Lifes Better Nowadays, television is our main source of news and current events around the world. It is indefinably the most popular media in society today. By watching TV,we are kept updated of the various events and dealings occurring around the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Television Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now It provides us with broadcasts of the news and weather stations and many more,therefore helping us not to be dropped back from the world of information. People need to be aware of whats going on around them and to keep on top of current affairs,and television allows us to do so. Without it we would be an outsider in society and totally cut off from the happenings in our local area as well as the political world(Palmer,2010). Not only this, but it helps us increase our feeling of humanity towards other people and provides us with crucial knowledge and information. This essay however will discuss both the positive and negatives roles television has in our lives today. Each positive aspect will contrast with a negative showing the different opinions. The essay will convey how television makes us more intelligent,assists us to lose weight,acts as a catalyst in the family home,provides us with knowledge how to do certain things and also how it is a great form of entertainment. On the otherhand we will see the downfalls television brings to society such as is it dumbing down our society? Is it making us gain wait rather than lose it? Are we abandoning are families to watch our favourite programmes or Is it just a waste of time?. These topics will all be seen throughout. Many people will agree that watching television makes people more intelligent for instance people that watch educational television such as documentaries,discovery channels,national geographic,science and history channels are very benefited, as it may encourage people who take an interest in them to make a career out of it. Educational TV does not only benefit adults but children aswel. Children can watch shows such as â€Å"Sesame Street†,†Dora the Explorer†,â€Å"Indiego go†,â€Å"Bear in the Big Blue House† and many more which entertain them and educate them at the same time. Several programs and movies reguire a lot intelligence to follow and understand,these shows are very beneficial as they get our brains working and encourage us to look at things in different ways. In other programs we obtain information which we may not have known before. From watching TV we can learn something new everyday. However, in contrast to television being a great advantage to our intelligence levels, it is also argued that television is merely dumbing down our society. We need only watch some of Americas reality TV shows and we can see why its effecting our youth. A study conducted in 2005 and published in the Archives of Adolescent and Pediatric Medicine showed that kids who had their own television set scored lower on mathematics tests†Numerous other tests have supported this information to make it almost clinically proven. Its very important to encourage our youth of today to read and get involved in other various arts which will help them with their academic studi es. (Leong M. D. ,2008) Television is also very helpful in the form of excercising. When using exercise equipment such as an exercise bike or treadmill for example,we all know it can get very boring. This is where the TV comes in to play as it takes our mind-set from the running or power walking perhaps to that of the happenings on the television screen. We understand that reading is difficult because of the movement and therefore is less appealing. When we listen to the radio or our ipods, we are entertained but still our mind is not fully occupied as we have nothing to look at, this being the reason why the majority of gyms have televisions rather than radios. (Jennifer Wagner,2009) Another way in which television makes exercising a lot easier,are the exercise and workout videos which are available to buy. This way you don’t have to spend as much money on gym membership fees or a personal trainer for that matter,you can just do it at home. (Palmer,2010. )On the otherhand,people may also argue the opposite to this point. As stated by Kristie Leong, she claims by sitting in front of the tv set actually makes you make on the pounds rather than lose it,†burning a paltry 68 calories per hour. Not exactly a formula for good health and fitness†. She also argues that the majority of people whilst watching television consume many high calorie foods,making matters even worse. Television is also a great way of representing togetherness. Its a simple reason for family to spend time together. Setting aside some hours specifically for family viewing encourages conversation,interaction and a certain sense of togetherness. Television brings many different conversation topics both in to a family home and work. It helps people who may have little in common, to talk and therefore acts as a good catalyst for family interaction(Keanney,2010). From time to time, something which occurred on TV can lead to discussions of something that happened in our own daily lifes hich is a great conversation starter. (Wagner,2009) Furthermore, this is not everyones frame of mind as many people believe that family life and interaction is negleacted beacause of television. It’s often the case that a family could sit in the one room for hours on end without actually speaking to each other. Sitting there like zombies totally engaged in whats happening on the TV and not even ackn owledging each other. Not only that but many people,children in particular eat their dinners in front of the television screen. This means that conversation of a family around the dinner table is totally gone and if our youth do it,it doesn’t leave much hope for the future. (Banks,2008) Television has various benefits and another one being the useful way in which it tells you how to do certain things. Whether it’s a cooking receipe you need,or how to arrange flowers in our gardens right as far as how to build a shed. There seems to be a channel to suit everyone. We can become very skilful in our everyday lifes by watching certain programs. Television is here to teach us and improve our ideas. Another point,â€Å"with cable channels such as HGTV and the Food Network, you can actually learn how to do almost anything to or for your home†. (Wagner,2009). Television helps us to broaden our knowledge of everyday life,teaching us right from wrong,and also the correct manner in which to act. It enhances our spiritual lifes in many ways. With the variety of language teaching programs we are provided with nowadays we are given the chance to learn any of the world’s most popular languages. For children in particular TV can be very enriching in their academic life. The History channel can expose children to people,places and cultures they would not have encountered otherwise. It engages them, and teaches them different ways of life all over the world. This can be very helpful for a childs development,introducing concepts which are both complex and intellectually stimulating. It encourages the child to be more aware of their surroundings, leading them to be more engaged and involved in classes that deal with those specific topics. (Keanney,2010). Dissimilarity,people argue that television is merely a waste of time. As Kristie mentions if people only knew the amount of time the waste watching television they would be shocked horribly. They could in fact make a list of more productive activites to do, for example spend time with family and friends,play a sport,take up a hobby or even test yourself by learning a new language. People discover there is a lot more to life than watching the latest happenings on the reality TV programmes. (Leong M. D. ,2008) Television is most definitely our greatest form of entertainment to date. With all the various types of programmes there is something to suit each individual. Comedy programmes for instance are a great source of entertainment,as they make us laugh and enjoy ourselves. As the saying goes â€Å"laughter is the best medicine. It has been discovered to lower blood pressure,increase circulation and so on†. With other programmes such as cartoons,discovery channels,movies,sports,weather and many more you will never be bored. The television can be seen as our companion when we are home alone with nothing to do. Without it we would be lost. For those who adore nature and like to watch scenery abroad but cannot afford to travel with recent circumstances,the television is a great source to just sit back,switch on a travel station and enjoy the beautiful nature and scenary of the world. (Mehta,2008). In contrast however, there are certain aspects to television which should not be broadcasted. A lot of television material is not properly monitored making it easier for inappropriate content to be shown on TV,for example violence or inappropriate sex scenes which should not be viewed by the public eye. Not only could this damage society but also our youth of today who need to be protected from such behaviour. (Kulkarni,2009) In conclusion,we can see how the positive aspects of television outweigh the negative. A lot more good comes from TV rather than bad but nevertheless,we are still aware of the negative. What it has done, is made peoples lifes change for the better providing people with more entertaining,exciting and in fact more educated lifes. It brings people together and is something all individuals can share and relate to. Its no doubt a great resource which has turned the world upside down for the better,opening a whole new outlook on life. Reference List: Palmer,B. Break Studios Contributing Writer(2010) â€Å"Benefits of Television†,(Made Manual Instructions for Life (www. mademan. com/mm/10-benefits-television. html) Leong,Kristie M. D,featured contributer in health and wellness(2008) â€Å"The Disadvantage of Television Viewing†,( http://voices. yahoo. com/the-disadvantages-television-viewing-) Wagner, J. (2009) â€Å"Top Ten Benefits of Watching Television† www. connectwithyourteens. net) Keanney,I (2010) â€Å"Advantages for Children to watch TV† (LIVESTRONG. com) Banks,A (2008) â€Å"Advantages and Disadvantages of Television† (http://www. fictionpress. com/s/2482693/1/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-television) Mehta,N (2008) â€Å"Advantages of Watching Television† (http://voices. yahoo. com/advantages-watching-television) Kulkarni,A(2009) â€Å"Adva ntages and Disadvantages of Television† (http://www. infobarrel. com/Advantages_and_Disadvantages_of_Television) How to cite Television Essay, Essays

Mary Street by Peter Skrzynecki free essay sample

He emigrated to Australia in 1949 with his parents. Most of Skrzynecki’s poems are about his life and the change that he has experienced from moving to a different country. In 1951 the family moved to Sydney, to the working-class suburb of Regents Park, where a home had been purchased at 10 Mary Street. The poem â€Å"10 Mary Street† represents change as it shows the comparison between Skrzynecki’s life in Poland and his new life in Sydney and how he and his family have had to adapted to their new way of life and how the physical change of moving countries has changed them emotionally. Change is present in this poem as the poet uses the simile â€Å"Shut the house; like a well-oiled lock† to appreciate the order of daily ritual when departing in the morning. It indicates that the house is secure and protects the family. The simile â€Å"like adopted children† shows that the garden is not like any other garden to them. We will write a custom essay sample on Mary Street by Peter Skrzynecki or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The language techniques that Skrzynecki uses in this poem are used to great effect and create a level of connection between the reader and Skrzynecki’s and how his life was. Some of the techniques used are: Similies: A simile is a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another of a different kind, as an illustration or ornament, the effect that a simile has in a poem is that it paints a picture in our minds as a simile is a descriptive set of words e. g. â€Å"And smoked like a dozen Puffing Billies† Personification: A figure of speech that gives human qualities to abstract ideas, animals, and inanimate objects. It affects the reader by creating empathy, and allows the reader to associate with the poem and the message in it e. g. â€Å"In its china blue coat†

Aquaculture Essays (1345 words) - Aquaculture, Fish Farming, Raceway

Aquaculture Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms in fresh, or salt water. A wide variety of aquatic organisms are produced through aquaculture, including fish, crustaceans, mollusks, algae, and aquatic plants. Unlike capture fisheries, aquaculture requires deliberate human intervention in the organisms' productivity and results in yields that exceed those from the natural environment alone. Stocking water with (juvenile organisms), fertilizing the water, feeding the organisms, and maintaining water quality are common examples of such intervention. Most aquacultural crops are destined for human consumption. However, aquaculture also produces bait fishes, ornamental or aquarium fishes, aquatic animals used to augment natural populations for capture and sport fisheries, algae used for chemical extraction, and pearl oysters and mussels, among others. Aquaculture is considered an agricultural activity, despite the many differences between aquaculture and terrestrial agriculture. Aquaculture mainly produces protein crops, while starchy staple crops are the primary products of terrestrial agriculture. In addition, terrestrial animal waste can be disposed of off-site, whereas in aquaculture such waste accumulates in the culture environment. Consequently, aquaculturists must carefully manage their production units to ensure that water quality does not deteriorate and become stressful to the culture organisms. History Aquaculture was developed more than 2000 years ago in countries such as China, Rome, and Egypt. Not long after, aquacultural practices in Europe, China, and Japan commonly involved stocking wild-caught seed?for example, carp fingerlings (juvenile fish) captured from rivers?in ponds or other bodies of water for further growth. Mollusk culture was advanced in the 1200s by the discovery in France that mussel spat (newly settled juveniles) would settle on upright posts in the intertidal zone, and in the 1600s by the discovery in Japan that oyster spat would settle on upright bamboo stakes driven into the sea floor. The concept of pond fertilization was developed in Europe about 1500. In this process, manure is added to the water to encourage the growth of small organisms such as aquatic invertebrates and plankton, which in turn are eaten by the fish. The United States system of federal hatcheries for the breeding of anadromous fishes (fishes that live and mature in salt water but reproduce in fresh water) was established in the 1870s. Much of the current technology used to reproduce fish in hatcheries has been developed by these federal hatcheries. In 1959 the first marine shrimp hatchery and farm was established in Japan, and it was the forerunner of the commercial shrimp-culture industry. The salmon-culture industry in Europe and the channel-catfish-culture industry in the United States both began in the 1960s. Methods Most fish and crustacean aquaculture is undertaken in earthen ponds. These ponds are usually equipped with water inlets and outlets that permit independent control of water addition and discharge. Ponds are stocked with a specific quantity of juvenile aquatic animals. Management practices range from pond fertilization, which increases the number of natural food organisms, to provision of a complete, formulated feed that supplies all nutrients necessary for growth. Animals that have reached market size are harvested from the ponds. In a complete harvest, the pond is drained and all animals are removed from the pond for processing. In a partial harvest, only a portion of the animals are removed from a full pond using a seine net. Additional juveniles are often stocked into the pond after a partial harvest, and the production cycle is continued. Channel catfish grown in the United States, and marine shrimp grown in China, Central America, and South America, are often cultured in earthen ponds of about 5 to 10 hectares (about 12 to 25 acres). Fish can also be raised in cages and raceways (long, narrow earthen or concrete ponds that receive a continuous flow of water from a nearby artesian well, spring, or stream). Often, several raceways are built in series down the slope of a hill. Cages are used to raise fish in lakes, bays, or the open ocean and are constructed of flexible netting suspended from a superstructure floating on the water's surface. Many more fingerlings can be stocked into raceways and cages than into earthen ponds, but nutritionally complete formulated feed must be provided to fish grown in these systems. Rainbow trout are grown in raceways in many places, including Chile, Europe, and the United States. Salmon are grown in cages, and Norway leads the world in the production of farmed salmon. Carp raising involves at least three different types of ponds for a whole life cycle in Europe. Special shallow and warm ponds with rich vegetation provides a good environment for spawning. After spawning, the parent fish are separated from the eggs and

Google in China Essays - Alphabet Inc., Internet Search Engines

Google in China Essays - Alphabet Inc., Internet Search Engines Google in China Google, Inc., first entered the Chinese market in early 2000 by creating a Chineselanguage version of its home page. This strategy was part of a larger one for East Asia that included the creation of search technology that understood the characters in Korean, Chinese, and Japanese.50 Googles approach was to maintain a Chinese-language version of Google.com that was housed in the United States but that could handle search requests originating within China. In this way, the technology was not subject to Chinese censorship laws as the facilities were not within Chinas physical boundaries, and Google did not need a license from the Chinese government to operate its business. Usually, when users attempted to click on a banned site, a full, unfiltered list was produced and they would be blocked by Chinese filters. Users were able 47 Chandler, Inside the Great Firewall, 149. 48 www.rsf.org/print.php3?id_article=17936> (accessed June 9, 2006). 49 Chandler, Inside the Great Firewall. 50 Thompson, Googles China Problem. -13- BRI-1004 to see the complete list of all the information pertaining to their search, including the information that the Chinese government considered threatening.51 These search requests and corresponding search results all passed through one of nine Chinese international gateway Internet service providers, which were monitored and filtered by the Chinese government. In September 2002, Google.com was inaccessible for two weeks. When reinstated, it was slow and temperamental for all Chinese users and completely inaccessible for Chinese colleges and universities.52 According to Elliot Schrage, Googles vice president of Global Communications and Public Affairs, The average time to download a Google Web page was more than seven times slower than for Baidu, the leading Chinese search engine.53 In 2004, Google realized that its approach in China was not sustainable. Google was losing market share to Baidu, and others, including Yahoo! and Microsoft, were gaining ground through their local presence. Google embarked on a one-year analysis of the Internet in China by consulting both governmental and nongovernmental organizations, business partners, and Chinese experts such as Xiao Qiang, an Internet scholar at the University of California Berkeley.54 Meanwhile, in June 2004, Google purchased a 2.6% stake in Baidu for $5 million. Google announced two important appointments in 2005. First, Dr. Kai-Fu Lee left Microsoft to head Googles entry into China. Lees goal was to make advanced technologies accessible and useful to every user, as well as to be a part of the vibrant growth and innovation in China today. Then, Johnny Chou joined Lee in October as president of Sales and Business Development, Greater China. Chou assisted in building sales and distribution as well as a research and development center in China so Google would have the assets it needed to succeed. In January 2006, Google announced the creation of Google.cn, which was located in China and subject to Chinese filtering. This product was faster and more reliable, and provide[d] more and better search results for all but a handful of politically sensitive subjects.55 Google differentiated this product from those of its competitors by: (1) keeping personal information outside China through Gmail, its Web-based email service, and Blogger, its personal Web-blog-hosting service; (2) disclosing the presence of general filtering to users; and (3) continuing a Chinese-language version of Google.com.56 51 Thompson, Googles China Problem. 52 Thompson, Googles China Problem. 53 Elliot Schrage, testimony before the House Committee on International Relations Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific and Subcommittee on Africa, Global Human Rights, and International Operations (February 15, 2006): 5. 54 Dean and Delaney, Limited Search. 55 Schrage testimony. 56 Schrage testimony. -14- BRI-1004 Personal information Although Google had decided to maintain Gmail and Blogger outside China, both services required personal information from users that, if hosted on servers located inside China, would be subject to requests for information by Chinese authorities. Recently, Yahoo! had provided personal information to Chinese officials, leading to at least one arrest for the posting of harmful materials. Microsoft had removed the postings of a journalist at the request of Chinese authorities. By keeping Googles email and blogging services outside Chinese

U.S. Policy regarding the South China Sea (SCS) Essay

U.S. Policy regarding the South China Sea (SCS) - Essay Example The tensions are influencing – being influenced by- rising fears concerning China military power growth as well as its regional intents. China has engaged in an extensive upgrading of its forces of maritime paramilitary and naval aptitudes to impose jurisdiction and Sovereignty rights through force if the need arises. Simultaneously, China is developing capabilities, which would place US forces within the expanse in a conflict risk, and therefore, possibly refuting US Navy access in the west Pacific (Akande). In view of the growing prominence of China-U.S. affiliation as well as the Asia-Pacific expanse more largely, to the worldwide economy, the U.S. has a huge interest in inhibiting any of the numerous disputes within the South China Sea from intensifying militarily. U.S. policy goals include: I. Attainment of global norms and rules in the South China Sea, II. Attainment of regional stability and alliance security in the South China Sea, III. Attainment of economic interests and IV. Attaining a cooperative affiliation with China V. Promote Territorial Risk-reduction Measures Assessment of Current U.S. Policy Goals The U.S. has crucial interests for achieving a diplomatic resolution of disputes in South China Sea with respect to international law. With China’s exception, all South China Sea’s claimants have tried to validate their entitlements grounded on their coastlines as well as the UNCLOS’s provisions. China, on the other hand, depends on a combination of legal claims and historic rights, while remaining purposely indistinct about the implication of the ‘nine-dashed line’ all over the sea, which is drawn upon Chinese maps. The failure of the U.S. to maintain international norms and law could harm United States’ interests elsewhere within the region as well as beyond. Guaranteeing navigation freedom is another critical goal for the US as well as other regional states. As much as China maintains that, it advoc ates navigation freedom; its persistence that foreign forces seek advance authorization to cruise in its EEZ hurls doubt upon its stance. The China’s capabilities development to deny US’ naval entry to its waters in a dispute provides proof of likely Chinese intents to block navigation freedom in particular contingencies (Akande). Regional and alliance security: United States friends and allies around Southern China Sea depend on U.S. to sustain free trade, secure and safe sea communication lines and general stability and tranquility within the region. Non-claimants and claimants to marine waters and land features within the South China Sea take U.S. forces presence as essential to permit decision-formulating free of extortion. If states within the South China Sea lack self-assurance in the U.S. to aid as the major regional security underwriter, they could engage in costly and possibly threatening arms accumulations to reimburse or, otherwise, become more cooperative t o the requests of an influential China. None would be within the United States’ policy goals. Failure to assure friends of U.S. responsibilities within the expanse could also weaken U.S. security assurances in the wider Asia-Pacific area, particularly with South Korea and Japan. Simultaneously, however, the US must elude being enticed into the regional dispute—and perhaps into a clash—by regional states who seek United States’ backing to legalize their claims (Nato). Economic